An equation to predict happiness?

An equation to predict happiness?

Researchers have built a mathematical equation that could predict happiness. According to their work, it does not only depend on the recent events of life, but also because they are better than expected.

Happiness is influenced by recent events and expectations.  © Jason Hutchens, Flickr, cc by 2.0

The happiness is an elusive concept and also a matter for philosophers well as scientists. In general, we can say that it is influenced by life circumstances and characteristics of a population, as its wealth. But what influences happiness at some point? Researchers at the University College London wanted to better understand how the accumulation of positive or negative events could influence the feeling of being happy at any given time.

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In an article published in  PNAS , scientists describe experiments they conducted on 26 people aged 20 to 40 years. In the protocol used, the participants had to choose between two options: one safe and the other risky (a game where one is as likely to win than to lose money). Regularly during the experiment, participants were asked whether they felt happy. 

Briefly: rheumatoid arthritis in mice cured?

Briefly: rheumatoid arthritis in mice cured?

Researchers at the Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH) managed to cure arthritis in mice. According to a statement released Thursday, they plan to test this new therapy on humans.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory disease that results in particular in joint damage, which leads to quite dramatic distortions, as can attest to this deformed hand.  © James Heilman, Wikipedia, cc by sa 3.0

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The rheumatoid arthritis is inflammation of the joints very painful that affects about 1% of the world population. So far, there are only drugs that slow or stabilize the disease that causes the degeneration of cartilage and bone. A team of researchers at the Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH) managed to completely cure mice with an antibody combined armed to one already available, the Dexamethasone.

If we apply only one or the other treatment, there is no effect. However, if both are administered simultaneously, the typical inflammation of the disease disappear in a few days. The discovery is described in an article published in  PNAS .

From next year, clinical trials are planned in patients with chronic arthritis. The project is supported by the Federal Commission for Technology and Innovation (CTI). Tests will be conducted by the biotechnology company Philochem, based near Zurich.

Waves polarized material

Waves polarized material

In the case of the experiment performed at the Institute Laue-Langevin, photons are replaced by polarized neutrons (their momentum clean, the spin is oriented in a definite direction in space), which thus behave in part like waves like photons. Those with a parallel spin their movement and oriented in the same direction borrow the way up on the previous scheme. While those whose spin is antiparallel follow the way down. One can use a magnetic field able to interact with the magnetic moment of the neutron. This stems from the fact that, although no overall charge as the electron , the neutron behaves as a magnetized rotor (can be convinced, for example, considering that it contains electric currents because it consists of quarks loaded in motion).

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Typically, a highly disturbing a quantum measurement object, detecting a photon often returns to absorb for example. However, as shown by Yakir Aharonov and others, it is possible to make measurements slightly disturbing some quantum systems. In the experience of Grenoble, it is shown by this method that everything happens as if a single neutron had traveled by road from the top while its magnetic moment , so its spin was measured "low" using a magnetic field in the path of the bottom. Seen with interference fringes that can occur with neutron beams. The particle seems to behave indeed like a cat quantum Cheshire since its spin is found measured in a place where it should not exist.

According to researchers, this strange phenomenon is expected to have applications in the fields of metrology precision and technology of quantum information.

the arrival of the light quanta

The principle of Mach-Zehnder interferometer shown in this diagram is explained in more detail in the text below.  It can also perform well with photons with matter waves.

At first glance absurd, yet this situation occurs in our real world as recently shown in an international team of researchers who published in Nature Communications , the results of an experiment they conducted with beams neutrons available at Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) in Grenoble.

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The Mach-Zehnder interferometer is operated with the conventional light . Its two blades semitransparent and two are used mirrors for experiments illustrating the principles of quantum physics. With the best known of them, a first blade separates a beam of light into two beams that follow separate one does reflect off two mirrors so that they finally recombine on the second blade paths, as shown in the diagram above. Two detectors can then record the light.

With photons and the two paths are of equal length, the detector always placed horizontally arrival register while the vertical which is never observed. If one wants to know which way, from the top or the bottom, pass the photons, for example, inserting a third detector, the first two indicate the arrival of the light quanta. Variants of this experiment with the existing production fringes of interference connected to specific physical phenomena.

material used in Limoges has the best interface with living tissue

"Bone is able to grip in a ceramic material and the like when it is injured will not grow more than one centimeter, but it is also known that a bony bridge centimeter is sufficient to ensure the strength of the implant . With this porosity, after six months, the bone has recolonized about 25% porous zones and the prosthesis is an integral part of the patient " , welcomes Dr. Brie. "Induced extra cost is largely absorbed by the almost total reduction risk of infection, the remission is less risky, the patient therefore costs less to social security " , he argues, although transaction costs between 10,000 and 18,000 euros depending on the implants, forcing Dr. Brie find additional partners CHU Limoges funding.

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With a clinical trial success in 2009, so it continues to operate on patients from all over France, supported by the only innovation CHU budget. In July 2013, he published the results of his research in the scientific journal Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery . When he has gathered a sample of 30 patients, Joel Brie may compile statistics on the benefits of this technology.

CHU Lille or Toulouse that were interested. At Stanford, Dr. Franck Boutault, head of maxillofacial surgery, said the material used in Limoges has the best interface with living tissue. The surgeon, who uses prosthetics Peek (PolyEtherEtherKetone) a  polymer derived also biocompatible technology of 3D printing, questioned the strength of the prosthesis. Why would he be able to experience the method and to an ambitious comparative study.

A lifelike skull

A lifelike skull

When he meets Christopher Chaput, founder of 3DCeram in 1998 in Limoges, Brie Joel sees an ally to answer the question that obsesses him: how to get to these patients, one hundred cases each year in France, a real skull than life?

The company can, thanks to a technology developed from the technology developed by the laboratory SPCTS (Science ceramic processes and surface treatments) design a machine modeling digital three-dimensional missing part of the skull. In maximum 48 hours the object is then modeled in laser before cooking, says Christophe Chaput. "The machine creates the object in increments of 25 microns , or one quarter of thick hair with such precision that the cut is virtually tailor-made " , he added.

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A report on 3DCeram and its manufacturing technology of bone prostheses. © 3DCeram, YouTube

Obsessed doctor is to find the most biocompatible less inflammatory material, therefore, in which the bone can grow and settle permanently, 3DCeram added to his prosthesis hundreds of pinholes in the periphery, forming a real lace that would impossible to replicate without this technology. This is the porosity of about 60% which makes the real added value.

A prosthesis cranial ceramic

A prosthesis cranial ceramic, designed to Limoges , city cradle of porcelain, could revolutionize surgery maxillofacial through technology, so perfect that it fooled the body itself. "With this prosthesis, we past from prehistory to reconstructive surgery 2.0 " , says Joel Brie, physician serving maxillofacial surgery CHU Limoges, who developed this cranial prosthesis now 3DCeram .

For more than ten years since the doctor works with them on this osteoconductive implant, which is used to treat patients who have lost more than 15% of the surface of the skull . The bet is on track to be successful: "on the first 17 ​​patients operated since 2005, we have zero infection" , provides specialist. "The best reconstruction is certainly always the one made ​​with the patient's bone, but sometimes celui- it has a risk of infection " , he notes.

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In other words, before the invention of this prosthesis, medicine did not provide a satisfactory answer to a whole segment of patients. "We can live with part of the skull and less, as you can live with some serious malformations of the skull, but apart from the fact that it is unsightly, there are health risks. These patients often suffer from symptoms of a great trauma: headache, dizziness, irritability, poor concentration, epilepsy  , " says the surgeon.