Friday, August 15, 2014

The nanotubes made visible through brain activity

The nanotubes made visible through brain activity
A team of researchers from Stanford University have developed ...

Space 11/08 5:30 p.m. Astronomy

Cielmania: the blog of a photographer from the sky
Why our natural satellite was he called "great ...

Science 11/08 16:59 Site life, lifestyle, medicine, electronics

Video zapping Futura-Sciences: three minutes surprising science!
It's this fun and informative as we offer focused ...

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Space 11/08 1:35 p.m. Nasa 3D printer, satellite, Mars Odyssey

In short: print 3D space probes NASA
NASA has just put online a library of twenty ...

Health 11/08 1:32 p.m. Feelings, happiness

An equation to predict happiness?
Researchers have built a mathematical equation ...

Health 11/08 11:36 medicine, disease

Briefly: rheumatoid arthritis in mice cured?
Researchers at the Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH) ...

Material 11/08 9:37 observation, spin

When Alice's cat into the country quantum wonders
Physicists like to give some creative names ...

A bird enjoying the Moon

A bird enjoying the Moon , Venus and Jupiter playing with a church bell or caught in the net butterflies, sunspots hung by an antenna: it is a poetic universe he shows us around. This scenery has been the subject of a book, Celestial Scenery , published in 2011.

Cielmania, the blog that speaks of heaven is for amateur astronomers ... and all the others who will find great photos of the author.

All about superlune
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You will also discover the history of the Notes of John the Baptist, like that of the heavenly way that we say "milk" and that Bourguignon shows above the castle of Clos-Vougeot. Travel, it is discussed as if the photographer marvels at the Astronomical Clock in Prague. The amateur astronomer is not far away, speaking about instruments, parts of the International Space Station (ISS) or "RAP", the astronomical spring meetings in Haute-Loire where diehard share their tricks.

So if this business of "superlune" of August 10, 2014 torments you or if you want to know what can be observed currently in the midst of the rainy Perseids , one address: Cielmania.

Cielmania: the blog of a photographer from the sky

Cielmania: the blog of a photographer from the sky

Why our natural satellite was he called "super moon" this morning? Where to find beautiful images of the sky? By the way, what is the Summer Triangle? Discover these answers and admire beautiful heavenly landscapes "Cielmania", the blog of Jean-Baptiste Feldmann.

Venus and Jupiter are approaching each other.  This is the time to catch them ... The blog Cielmania does not give that new heaven and what can be observed.  It also lets us see beautiful images, like this one, which is also the cover of a book published in 2001, heavenly landscapes.  © Jean-Baptiste Feldmann

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For many years, Jean-Baptiste Feldmann, love astronomy, celestial commented news for Futura-Sciences, and always at the height of the events, we are now sharing his strokes and heart images on his blog . If you do not know his heavenly landscapes, quickly click on "Cielmania" .

For Jean-Baptiste Feldmann is also a nature photographer and joined his two passions by collecting original pictures where the stars meet the Terrans or landscapes.

The library NASA currently has 22 format files stl

Now she takes the turn of 3D printing. The sources are as varied as the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the Johnson Space Center , the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), the Ball Aerospace and Caltech.

An example of reproduction download and print in 3 D. This is the Messenger spacecraft. Launched in 2004, its mission is to map Mercury (extended until 2015). © NASA, JPL-Caltech

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The library NASA currently has 22 format files stl . All were created from models in three dimensions that were used for presentations and promotional videos. It is possible, warns Nasa , that some adjustments need settings for it to work properly. So she invites volunteers to share their findings. Too bad it does not (yet) possible to print the footprint of Neil Armstrong on the Moon!

NASA also offers a file to reproduce the asteroid Eros an actual length of 34 km. The file .stl prints the two hemispheres to be linked together to obtain a reproduction of some 5 cm long. © NASA

In short: print 3D space probes NASA

In short: print 3D space probes NASA

NASA has just put online a library of a number of files that can print 3D reproductions size reduced by several space probes, satellites and asteroids. Downloading files is free, but however, require a 3D printer.

Of the 22 3D printing appears that NASA offers a reproduction of the Cassini spacecraft whose mission since 2004 is to study Saturn and its worlds files.  © NASA, JPL-Caltech

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Fans of space exploration will be able to indulge. Indeed, NASA now puts freely available in its beta , files for 3D printer that can be used to make miniature reproductions plastic models of several spacecraft , to asteroids and even lunar or Martian landscapes. Fans can thus offer a smaller version of the famous Rosetta , Cassini, Voyager, Pioneer, Mars Odyssey , Kepler or the huge Valles Marineris and Gale crater (currently explored by Curiosity).

There are also two expansions (8 cm square) of the lunar surface covering an area of 400 kilometers. Since its inception in 1958, the American space agency has established this type of sharing with the general public in the form of drawings, images and videos.

The equation predicts happiness in 18,000 people

The researchers then found that happiness at a given time depended on the awards received recently. Those received over 10 rounds previously had little effect. But they also found that the expectations of the participants had an impact . For Robb Rutledge, lead author of the study, "we were surprised to discover how expectations were important in determining happiness" . For example, the failure to win anything decreased happiness if the other option was to gain 2 pounds, but increased if the other was to lose the same amount. "It is often said that you will be happier if your expectations are limited. We find that there is a form of truth to it: low expectations increase the likelihood that the result exceeds expectations " .

Dopamine is released in several brain regions (in blue) as the striatum. © NIH, Wikimedia Commons, DP

The equation predicts happiness in 18,000 people
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From these data, the researchers constructed a mathematical equation in which the happiness expressed by the participants is connected to the recently received awards and expectations. This equation had to predict how people declared themselves to be happy. To validate their model, they applied to 18,420 people worldwide with a mobile phone game. In this context, the equation can predict the state of happiness of the participants when they played on their devices, even if they only earned points and not money.

In addition, during the initial laboratory experiment, neural activity was measured in participants through functional MRI that was interested in a brain area specific: the striatum . Indeed, it has a lot of neurons to dopamine , a neurotransmitter involved in the reward system. From the results obtained, dopamine plays a role in determining the happiness felt.

This work may find applications medical: the fact mathematically predict subjective states, like happiness, can help doctors better understand and treat mood disorders.

An equation to predict happiness?

An equation to predict happiness?

Researchers have built a mathematical equation that could predict happiness. According to their work, it does not only depend on the recent events of life, but also because they are better than expected.

Happiness is influenced by recent events and expectations.  © Jason Hutchens, Flickr, cc by 2.0

The happiness is an elusive concept and also a matter for philosophers well as scientists. In general, we can say that it is influenced by life circumstances and characteristics of a population, as its wealth. But what influences happiness at some point? Researchers at the University College London wanted to better understand how the accumulation of positive or negative events could influence the feeling of being happy at any given time.

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In an article published in  PNAS , scientists describe experiments they conducted on 26 people aged 20 to 40 years. In the protocol used, the participants had to choose between two options: one safe and the other risky (a game where one is as likely to win than to lose money). Regularly during the experiment, participants were asked whether they felt happy. 

Briefly: rheumatoid arthritis in mice cured?

Briefly: rheumatoid arthritis in mice cured?

Researchers at the Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH) managed to cure arthritis in mice. According to a statement released Thursday, they plan to test this new therapy on humans.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory disease that results in particular in joint damage, which leads to quite dramatic distortions, as can attest to this deformed hand.  © James Heilman, Wikipedia, cc by sa 3.0

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The rheumatoid arthritis is inflammation of the joints very painful that affects about 1% of the world population. So far, there are only drugs that slow or stabilize the disease that causes the degeneration of cartilage and bone. A team of researchers at the Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH) managed to completely cure mice with an antibody combined armed to one already available, the Dexamethasone.

If we apply only one or the other treatment, there is no effect. However, if both are administered simultaneously, the typical inflammation of the disease disappear in a few days. The discovery is described in an article published in  PNAS .

From next year, clinical trials are planned in patients with chronic arthritis. The project is supported by the Federal Commission for Technology and Innovation (CTI). Tests will be conducted by the biotechnology company Philochem, based near Zurich.

Waves polarized material

Waves polarized material

In the case of the experiment performed at the Institute Laue-Langevin, photons are replaced by polarized neutrons (their momentum clean, the spin is oriented in a definite direction in space), which thus behave in part like waves like photons. Those with a parallel spin their movement and oriented in the same direction borrow the way up on the previous scheme. While those whose spin is antiparallel follow the way down. One can use a magnetic field able to interact with the magnetic moment of the neutron. This stems from the fact that, although no overall charge as the electron , the neutron behaves as a magnetized rotor (can be convinced, for example, considering that it contains electric currents because it consists of quarks loaded in motion).

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Typically, a highly disturbing a quantum measurement object, detecting a photon often returns to absorb for example. However, as shown by Yakir Aharonov and others, it is possible to make measurements slightly disturbing some quantum systems. In the experience of Grenoble, it is shown by this method that everything happens as if a single neutron had traveled by road from the top while its magnetic moment , so its spin was measured "low" using a magnetic field in the path of the bottom. Seen with interference fringes that can occur with neutron beams. The particle seems to behave indeed like a cat quantum Cheshire since its spin is found measured in a place where it should not exist.

According to researchers, this strange phenomenon is expected to have applications in the fields of metrology precision and technology of quantum information.

the arrival of the light quanta

The principle of Mach-Zehnder interferometer shown in this diagram is explained in more detail in the text below.  It can also perform well with photons with matter waves.

At first glance absurd, yet this situation occurs in our real world as recently shown in an international team of researchers who published in Nature Communications , the results of an experiment they conducted with beams neutrons available at Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) in Grenoble.

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The Mach-Zehnder interferometer is operated with the conventional light . Its two blades semitransparent and two are used mirrors for experiments illustrating the principles of quantum physics. With the best known of them, a first blade separates a beam of light into two beams that follow separate one does reflect off two mirrors so that they finally recombine on the second blade paths, as shown in the diagram above. Two detectors can then record the light.

With photons and the two paths are of equal length, the detector always placed horizontally arrival register while the vertical which is never observed. If one wants to know which way, from the top or the bottom, pass the photons, for example, inserting a third detector, the first two indicate the arrival of the light quanta. Variants of this experiment with the existing production fringes of interference connected to specific physical phenomena.

Friday, August 1, 2014

material used in Limoges has the best interface with living tissue

"Bone is able to grip in a ceramic material and the like when it is injured will not grow more than one centimeter, but it is also known that a bony bridge centimeter is sufficient to ensure the strength of the implant . With this porosity, after six months, the bone has recolonized about 25% porous zones and the prosthesis is an integral part of the patient " , welcomes Dr. Brie. "Induced extra cost is largely absorbed by the almost total reduction risk of infection, the remission is less risky, the patient therefore costs less to social security " , he argues, although transaction costs between 10,000 and 18,000 euros depending on the implants, forcing Dr. Brie find additional partners CHU Limoges funding.

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With a clinical trial success in 2009, so it continues to operate on patients from all over France, supported by the only innovation CHU budget. In July 2013, he published the results of his research in the scientific journal Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery . When he has gathered a sample of 30 patients, Joel Brie may compile statistics on the benefits of this technology.

CHU Lille or Toulouse that were interested. At Stanford, Dr. Franck Boutault, head of maxillofacial surgery, said the material used in Limoges has the best interface with living tissue. The surgeon, who uses prosthetics Peek (PolyEtherEtherKetone) a  polymer derived also biocompatible technology of 3D printing, questioned the strength of the prosthesis. Why would he be able to experience the method and to an ambitious comparative study.

A lifelike skull

A lifelike skull

When he meets Christopher Chaput, founder of 3DCeram in 1998 in Limoges, Brie Joel sees an ally to answer the question that obsesses him: how to get to these patients, one hundred cases each year in France, a real skull than life?

The company can, thanks to a technology developed from the technology developed by the laboratory SPCTS (Science ceramic processes and surface treatments) design a machine modeling digital three-dimensional missing part of the skull. In maximum 48 hours the object is then modeled in laser before cooking, says Christophe Chaput. "The machine creates the object in increments of 25 microns , or one quarter of thick hair with such precision that the cut is virtually tailor-made " , he added.

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A report on 3DCeram and its manufacturing technology of bone prostheses. © 3DCeram, YouTube

Obsessed doctor is to find the most biocompatible less inflammatory material, therefore, in which the bone can grow and settle permanently, 3DCeram added to his prosthesis hundreds of pinholes in the periphery, forming a real lace that would impossible to replicate without this technology. This is the porosity of about 60% which makes the real added value.

A prosthesis cranial ceramic

A prosthesis cranial ceramic, designed to Limoges , city cradle of porcelain, could revolutionize surgery maxillofacial through technology, so perfect that it fooled the body itself. "With this prosthesis, we past from prehistory to reconstructive surgery 2.0 " , says Joel Brie, physician serving maxillofacial surgery CHU Limoges, who developed this cranial prosthesis now 3DCeram .

For more than ten years since the doctor works with them on this osteoconductive implant, which is used to treat patients who have lost more than 15% of the surface of the skull . The bet is on track to be successful: "on the first 17 ​​patients operated since 2005, we have zero infection" , provides specialist. "The best reconstruction is certainly always the one made ​​with the patient's bone, but sometimes celui- it has a risk of infection " , he notes.

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In other words, before the invention of this prosthesis, medicine did not provide a satisfactory answer to a whole segment of patients. "We can live with part of the skull and less, as you can live with some serious malformations of the skull, but apart from the fact that it is unsightly, there are health risks. These patients often suffer from symptoms of a great trauma: headache, dizziness, irritability, poor concentration, epilepsy  , " says the surgeon.

Cranial prostheses ceramic Limoges

Cranial prostheses ceramic Limoges

The tradition of Limoges porcelain, revolutionized by 3D printing technology allows today to manufacture ceramic implants on cranial measure. Perfectly biocompatible and greatly reducing the risk of infections, these implants are a blessing for patients who have lost a part of the bone covering the skull in an accident or because of the removal of a tumor.

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Based on stereolithography, the company 3D Ceram developed a proprietary process for manufacturing custom cranial implants ceramic hydroxyapatite.  They are used primarily in reconstructive surgery for patients with, or at risk of carrying, loss of craniofacial bone after surgery.  Ceramic implants are an alternative to bone grafts, which often come from the patient himself, and thus prevent him additional pain.  © AFP, Pascal Lachenaud 3D Ceram

Based on stereolithography, the company 3D Ceram developed a proprietary process for manufacturing custom cranial implants ceramic hydroxyapatite. They are used primarily in reconstructive surgery for patients with, or at risk of carrying, loss of craniofacial bone after surgery. Ceramic implants are an alternative to bone grafts, which often come from the patient himself, and thus prevent him additional pain. © AFP, Pascal Lachenaud 3D Ceram

The number of invertebrates is almost halved

The number of invertebrates is almost halved

But large terrestrial vertebrates are not the only ones affected. Among invertebrates , 67% of monitored populations showed a decline of 45% in 35 years while at the same time, the human population has doubled. This invertebrate disappearance would also be caused by habitat loss and changing climate . This could have consequences for the functioning of ecosystems , but also on human well-being. Indeed, insects pollinate 75% of world cultures and also play an important role in the decomposition of the material, a process that supports the productivity of ecosystems.

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While all five previous crises were caused by natural phenomena, the current extinction of animal species could be related to human activity. Therefore Dirzo Rodolfo, professor of biology at Stanford and senior author of the article speaks of our times like the "defaunation of the Anthropocene"  : "where the population density is high, you get high speed defaunation of an incidence of significant rodents and so high levels of pathogens , thereby increasing the risk of disease transmission. Who would have thought that defaunation only would all these dire consequences? " .

more than 320 species of vertebrate land went out

In this study, researchers report that since the beginning of the XVI th century, more than 320 species of vertebrate land went out. Those that remain have seen their population decrease of 25%. In vertebrates, 16-33% are threatened or endangered . Large animals that are part of the "  megafauna  "(elephants, rhinos, polar bears ...) are particularly affected. Indeed, these populations are often more limited than those of smaller animals lower growth rate and offspring. They also typically require extensive habitat to maintain viable populations. But their large mass also makes them prime targets for hunting ...

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The consequences of the loss of large animals could be studied locally. For example, in Kenya, researchers looked at the effect of the displacement of species of megafauna (zebras, giraffes , elephants ...) on the evolution of ecosystems . Soon enough, they found that these areas were invaded by rodents . The grass and shrubs grew, there were more seeds and shelter available and less risk of predation. Consequently the number of rodents has doubled, as did ectoparasites carry diseases that lodged.

Butterflies, like other insects play a vital role in pollinating flowers. © Charlesjsharp, Wikimedia Commons , cc by sa 3.0

Are we heading To a sixth mass extinction?

To a sixth mass extinction?

International scientists are concerned about the possible first of a mass extinction of species that would be the sixth in the history of the Earth signs. Vertebrates and invertebrates are concerned. Main causes considered: changes affecting animal habitats and climate.

On 08/01/2014 at 15:30 - By Marie-CĂ©line Jacquier, Futura-Sciences

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The black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis is part of large terrestrial vertebrates in critical danger of extinction.  © John and Karen Hollingsworth, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Wikimedia Commons, DP
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The biodiversity present result of 3.5 billion years of evolution, she has reached a critical point? In an article in Science , an international team of scientists is concerned about a broad wave of extinction of species of animals. This could be a sign of extinction of species mass, the sixth planet that would know.

Summer sky and the Night of Stars

The other reason (not least) to advance these meetings the public with amateur and professional astronomers is a spatial event that scientists have been waiting for 10 years: the arrival, on August 6, of Rosetta in the bosom of the Comet 67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko . For several months, the mission of the ESA will conduct the investigation into this ball of ice and dust 4 km long. For Afa and its partners is an opportunity to discuss the fascinating subject of these celestial bodies that abound in our solar system and are witnesses to our origins . A theme that also runs directly the shooting stars, because they are naturally spin by comets.

Summer sky
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Besides the growing moon, you can see this weekend, opening night, the beautiful Saturn almost aligned with Red Mars and the star Spica ( Spica ) of the Virgin. Antares , the beating heart of the Scorpion will not fail draw your attention to the south, as well as the glowing Arcturus, which highest in the firmament will be marked at the dusk , like Vega, one of three beautiful summer ( asterism Triangle of summer). If the weather is favorable, no doubt you will have an unforgettable time in the company of stars and French enthusiasts, couriers science.

Find a viewing site near you (or your place of stay) involved in the Night of the Stars .

Under the sign of comets

Under the sign of comets

This year's event takes place earlier than usual. In part, to enjoy a beautiful crescent moon (first quarter Aug. 4) and the dark night successor. Of course, it is conducive to the discovery of many celestial objects and encounter with the billions of stars that populate the Milky Way - it is a treat to go through a pair of binoculars. They are also the ideal conditions to expect surprise (and counting) plethora of shooting stars. Remember that these stealthy and glowing features are small grains left in the wake of the comet Swift-Tuttle that enter our atmosphere .

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The famous meteor swarm is called Perseids because its radiate is located precisely in the direction of the constellation Perseus. Like every year, activity peaks on the night of August 12 to 13 (about 100 meteors per hour). Unfortunately at that time, a few hours after the super full moon of August 10 (the moon will be only 356,922 km), the clarity of our natural satellite invade heaven and spoil the party a bit, leaving us see then that the brightest meteors.

The awakening of the Rosetta space probe and the Philae lander before meeting Chury, Comet 67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko. © Esa

This weekend, the Night of stars under the sign of comets

This weekend, the Night of stars under the sign of comets

Do not miss the 1 st , 2 and 3 August the new edition of Night of the Stars. Everywhere in France, and many sites in Europe and Africa, astronomers are waiting to share with you their observations of balmy summer nights. On the occasion of the appointment of the Rosetta spacecraft with its comet on August 6, the AFA and its partners have put the event under the auspices of these icy bodies that travel through our solar system.

On 08/01/2014 at 17:38 - By Xavier Demeersman, Futura-Sciences

Composite image of the famous Perseid meteor swarm.  The peak activity of this meteor shower takes place every year on the night of August 12 to 13.  The radiant is clear in the constellation Perseus.  © Rick Whitacre
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Composite image of the famous Perseid meteor swarm. The peak activity of this meteor shower takes place every year on the night of August 12 to 13. The radiant is clear in the constellation Perseus. © Rick Whitacre

The 1 st , 2 and 3 August 2014, the French Astronomical Association (AFA) look forward to seeing you all over France and various European and African countries, for its 24 th edition of the famous Night of the Stars . Whether you are curious or enthusiasts, beginners or experienced, there is certainly anear you (see map ) which, time for a beautiful summer weekend, will open its doors to share with you, your family or friends their observations of stars. Place in direct exploration of the cosmos, a little nearer the stars ...